Many image problems (duplications, manipulations) in scientific papers are found within Western blots. Several readers have asked me to explain what Western blots are, so here is a blog post written with the amazing help of Jon Cousins to provide some insights.
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Oops!… I Did It Again. When to correct or retract?
How many image duplications in a paper would be acceptable? If the paper has two identical photos that represent different experiments, and the authors’ reply is: ‘Oops, we uploaded the wrong photo’, that would be acceptable. Mistakes happen, and the authors can correct the error by sending in an erratum with the correct photo(s). But should editors be equally forgiving in the case of two cases of “Oops, we made a mistake”, or other, more complicated scenarios?
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Types of image duplications: the palm trees
In a previous post, I went over the three types of image duplications that can be found in biomedical papers. Those types of duplications, however, might be hard to understand for people who are not familiar with scientific photos of western blots or biological tissues.
In this post, I want to give some simple, non-scientific examples, to better explain which types of duplications I am looking for in published papers.
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Scanning for duplications
How does one scan for duplicated images in scientific paper, and how can one determine if those are a sign of misconduct? This post will give some background about my past and current work on this topic.
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Science Integrity Digest 